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The Operational Amplifier

 

 

Last updated: 11-03-13

 

 

Water Analogy of the OpAmp -

 

The Operational Amplifier is a rather complicated integerated circut.

In order to give an output must it have external power supplies (like +15V and -15V) and the connection between the powers sources used as gound connection.

A very small input voltage at the +/- terminal will then be amplied with typically gain = 100.0000.

However must you realise that the maximum output will be the power supply Voltage (or a little less actually)

   

Note! The resistance between the input terminals very high (at least 1000 MOhm)

There will be a very small current running from the +/- terminals in the range of nano Amperes.

 

   

What's inside the OpAmp chip

   

This just for presentation.

Very few people spend there time trying to understand and make calculation of the "Real" Operational Amplifier.

 

   

Compare:  Voltage Divider  =>  Non inverting Amplifier  / Inverting Amplifier

   

Voltage Divider

A Voltage Divider formed by two resistors R1 and R2
The Output Voltage will always be a fraction of the Input Voltage.

             Vout  = Vin * R1 / (R1 + R2) 

Non Inverting Amplifier

The basic idea in this Amplifier will be the use of a Negative feedback and hence will it be possible to reverse the Voltage Divider.

              Vout  = (1 + R2/R1) * Vin

Inverting Amplifier

The minus terminal (-) now used for both negative feedback and for the input Voltage Vin.

The minus terminal also called virtual ground as it given the same potential as the plus terminal (+) which connected to the ground.
(This only if Vout NOT saturated)

             Vout = - R2/R1 * Vin 

   

 

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Examples of the use of Summing and Difference OpAmps circuits - Transmission of a stereo signal (Left and Right channels)